1、Toughening epoxy resins: Recent advances in network architectures and

Synergistic toughening mechanisms such as interpenetrating dual networks and phase-separated morphologies are analyzed to highlight their intrinsic structure–property correlations.

2、Advances in Toughening Modification Methods for Epoxy Resins: A

Through a detailed analysis of experimental studies, this paper highlights the effectiveness of various toughening strategies and suggests future research directions aimed at further optimizing epoxy resin toughening techniques for diverse industrial applications.

3、Synthesis and research of epoxy resin toughening agent

In this paper, a synthesis method of epoxy resin toughening agent was presented, then the chemical composition and molecular number were studied, which include the DSC curves analysis, the fracture surface morphology and bonding strength.

4、Hyperbranched Thiol

To address this, we designed and synthesized a series of thiol-terminated branched polyurethanes with varying molecular weights to act as curing agents for epoxy resins. This approach addresses issues like compatibility, dispersion, and optimal mixing ratio associated with adding separate toughening agents.

Toughness and its mechanisms in epoxy resins

Here, we especially focused on the recent progress in toughening methods and associated mechanisms for these epoxy resins and analytic techniques for characterizing toughness, which highlighted the applicable approaches to generate homogeneous structures.

Study on Curing Kinetics and Toughening Modification of Epoxy Resin

A series of reinforced and toughed curing epoxy resins (EPs) were prepared by incorporating nano SiO 2 and the flexible 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (1,4-BDDE) into the DGEBA/BPF system and mixed uniformly through high speed vacuum defoaming.

Advances in Toughening Modification Methods for Epoxy Resins: A

Through a detailed analysis of experimental studies, this paper highlights the effectiveness of various toughening strategies and suggests future research directions aimed at further optimizing epoxy resin toughening techniques for diverse industrial applications.

Research progress on toughening modification of epoxy resin

Epoxy resin is a polymer material known for its high strength and rigidity,good chemical stability,and ease of processing.However,its brittleness seriously limits its applications.To address the toughening of epoxy resin,domestic and foreign scholars have conducted extensive research.The article mainly introduced the research ...

Synthesis of an Epoxy Toughening Curing Agent through

Utilizing this property, a novel approach for the treatment of PTA sludge waste was developed for its modification and re-use. This study focuses on the preparation of epoxy curing agents using PTA sludge-tank material.

Functional dendritic curing agent for epoxy resin: Processing

Abstract : A functional curing agent was synthesized with imidazole blocked 2,4-tolulene diisocyanate (TDI) by using dendritic polyester polyol as branching unit and toughening segment, which toughening and curing the bisphenol A type epoxy resin (E-44).

Toughening Mechanism of Epoxy Resin Curing Agents

Epoxy resin, a thermosetting polymer material with excellent physical and chemical properties, is widely used in aerospace, automotive manufacturing, electronics, construction, and other fields. Curing agents are critical components of epoxy resin systems, as they determine the final properties of the material and significantly influence its toughness and impact resistance. Understanding the toughening mechanisms of curing agents in epoxy resins is essential for improving material flexibility and durability.

Overview of Toughening Mechanisms

Toughening of epoxy resins typically involves introducing flexible chain segments or forming crosslinked networks through chemical bonding. Curing agents react with epoxy resins to create a three-dimensional network structure. Flexible segments in curing agent molecules integrate into the epoxy network, enhancing the system’s compliance and fracture energy, thereby improving toughness.

Principles of Toughening

1. Chemical Bonding: Curing agents contain flexible segments that chemically react with epoxy terminal groups, forming covalent bonds. This transforms the rigid epoxy structure into a flexible network, increasing toughness.

2. Intermolecular Forces: Interactions between flexible segments in curing agents and epoxy molecules stabilize the network. Stronger intermolecular forces enhance structural integrity and toughness.

3. Microphase Separation: Specific curing agents induce microphase separation, where regions form continuous or dispersed phases. This microstructural change improves overall toughness.

4. Stress Concentration and Dissipation: Adjusting the type and dosage of curing agents controls the cured epoxy’s morphology, affecting stress distribution and crack propagation paths. Optimal designs reduce stress concentration at crack tips, boosting toughness.

Experimental Studies

To validate these mechanisms, researchers conducted experiments varying curing agent types and dosages while observing changes in morphological and mechanical properties. Results showed that optimal curing agent amounts improve toughness, but excess leads to reduction. Studies on different epoxy types revealed varying curing agent requirements, further supporting the toughening mechanisms.

Curing agents toughen epoxy resins through chemical bonding, intermolecular forces, microphase separation, and stress management. By selecting appropriate curing agents and optimizing processes, epoxy toughness can be significantly enhanced for diverse applications. specific mechanisms depend on the epoxy system, necessitating further tailored research to fully leverage curing agents’ toughening effects.