1、Advances in Toughening Modification Methods for Epoxy Resins: A

This work provides a comprehensive review of the recent advancements in the toughening modification methods for epoxy resins.

2、Toughening epoxy resins: Recent advances in network architectures and

This comprehensive review aims to provide theoretical foundations and practical insights for the rational design and application of high-performance, eco-friendly, multifunctional epoxy resin systems.

3、Advances in Toughening Modification Methods for Epoxy

This work provides a comprehensive review of the recent advancements in the toughening modification methods for epoxy resins.

4、Research progress on toughening modification of epoxy resin

Epoxy resin is a polymer material known for its high strength and rigidity,good chemical stability,and ease of processing.However,its brittleness seriously limits its applications.To address the toughening of epoxy resin,domestic and foreign scholars have conducted extensive research.The article mainly introduced the research ...

5、Journal of Applied Polymer Science

Effective toughening of epoxy resins with epoxy-terminated hyperbranched polyethers prepared from two types of polyhydroxy monomers.

Literature Review on Epoxy Resin Modification

This review paper also refers to the results of the research papers published on the effect these rubber particles on the mechanical properties of epoxy resins, as well as explains different toughening mechanisms of epoxy resins.

Advances in Toughening Modification Methods for Epoxy Resins: A

Through a detailed analysis of experimental studies, this paper highlights the effectiveness of various toughening strategies and suggests future research directions aimed at further optimizing epoxy resin toughening techniques for diverse industrial applications.

Strengthening and Toughening Technology of Epoxy Resin

This paper analyzes and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of some mainstream epoxy resin modification technologies, and prospects the next research trend, so as to provide reference...

Toughness and its mechanisms in epoxy resins

Here, we especially focused on the recent progress in toughening methods and associated mechanisms for these epoxy resins and analytic techniques for characterizing toughness, which highlighted the applicable approaches to generate homogeneous structures.

Review on toughening modification of carbon fiber/epoxy resin composites

The brittle fracture of carbon fiber/epoxy resin composites can be improved by resin toughening and fiber modification. This paper reviewed the research progress of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin composites from three aspects: resin modification, interface modification and structure design.

Abstract: Epoxy resin, as a high-performance material, is widely used in numerous fields. its brittleness limits its application range. Toughening modification can significantly enhance its toughness and impact resistance. This paper reviews the methods, mechanisms, and practical applications of epoxy resin toughening modification, aiming to provide theoretical references and technical guidance for related research.

Keywords: Epoxy resin; Toughening modification; Mechanical properties; Application prospects

I. Introduction

Epoxy resin exhibits excellent adhesive properties, electrical insulation, and chemical stability, making it widely applicable in fields such as electronic packaging, coatings, and composite materials. its inherent brittleness restricts its use in more demanding environments. toughening modification of epoxy resin to improve its toughness and impact resistance has become a hot research topic.

II. Toughening Methods for Epoxy Resin

1. Physical Methods Physical methods achieve toughening by altering the structure and morphology of epoxy resin. Common approaches include:

   • Filling Method: Incorporating nanoscale fillers (e.g., carbon nanotubes, graphene) into the epoxy matrix to form a three-dimensional network structure.
   • Phase Separation Method: Controlling the ratio of epoxy resin to curing agents to induce phase separation, creating microporous structures that increase crack propagation paths.
   • Thermoplastic Resin Toughening: Blending thermoplastic resins with epoxy resin to form interpenetrating networks.

2. Chemical Methods Chemical methods modify the molecular structure of epoxy resin through new chemical bonds or reactions. Key approaches include:

   • Crosslinking Reaction Method: Introducing crosslinking agents to form three-dimensional networks.
   • Graft Copolymerization Method: Incorporating flexible segments via graft copolymerization to create high-toughness polymers.
   • Chemical Reaction Toughening: Adding functional groups (e.g., epoxy, hydroxyl) through chemical reactions to enhance toughness.

3. Mechanical Methods Mechanical methods improve toughness by modifying processing techniques:

   • Heat Treatment: High-temperature treatment to induce chain scission and microcrystalline region formation.
   • Ultrasound Treatment: Ultrasonic processing to disrupt molecular chains and form microcrystalline regions.
   • Laser Treatment: Laser-induced chain scission to create microcrystalline structures.

III. Toughening Mechanisms

The toughening mechanisms of epoxy resin primarily involve:

1. Stress Concentration Reduction: Nanofillers or microcrystalline regions reduce internal stress concentrations, slowing crack propagation.
2. Crack Bridging Effect: Flexible segments or crosslinked structures create bridges across cracks, elongating propagation paths.
3. Crack Deflection: Microcrystalline regions or rigid groups deflect cracks, dissipating energy and reducing propagation rates.
4. Self-Healing Effects: Introducing self-healing polymers or dynamic chemical bonds enables rapid crack repair.

IV. Practical Applications

Toughened epoxy resin has been widely applied in aerospace, automotive manufacturing, construction, and other fields. The modified materials meet higher performance requirements in harsh environments.

Toughening modification is a critical approach to enhancing the toughness and impact resistance of epoxy resin. By combining physical, chemical, and mechanical methods, the structure and reliability of epoxy resin can be optimized for engineering applications. With advances in materials and technology, toughening modification techniques are poised for broader development and utilization.