1、TERPENES : structural classification and biological activities

They can be grouped into classes according to the number of isoprene units (n) in the molecule: hemiterpenes (C5H8), monoterpenes (C10H16), sesquiterpenes (C15H24), diterpenes (C20H32), triterpenes (C30H48), tetraterpenes (C40H64), and polyterpenes (C5H8)n.

2、Terpenoids in essential oils: Chemistry, classification, and potential

Terpenes, including pinene, myrcene, limonene, terpinene, and p-cymene, have simple hydrocarbon structures, while terpenoids are modified versions with oxygen-containing hydrocarbons and oxidized methyl groups moved or removed at different positions.

3、多萜_百度百科

多萜（terpene resin）又称萜烯树脂或多萜树脂，是由松节油、β-蒎烯、萜二烯等萜烯类聚合制得的黏稠液至脆性固体的热塑性树脂，其是一种植物天然香料，属烃类树脂，常用作涂料助剂等化工产品。

Biochemistry of Terpenes and Recent Advances in Plant Protection

PSMs are categorized as phenolics, terpenoids, and alkaloids, among others. They play several roles in plant defense against fungi, viruses, bacteria, and feeding herbivores [3].

Types of Terpene Resins

The resin fraction has been described in terms of ‘hard’ (ether-insoluble) and ‘soft’ (ether-soluble) resin components, along with additional sub-divisions, although these categories are somewhat arbitrary and differentiated mainly on the basis of the molecular weight of the ester oligomers.

Terpene classification

Terpene classification includes hemiter-penes, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, sesterterpenes, and triterpenes, each consisting of one through six isoprene units, respectively [16].

Structural Units of Terpene Resins

This article aims to delve into the structural units of terpene resins and explore how these units collectively contribute to the rich functionality and application value of terpene resins.

An Updated Review on the Classification, Pharmacology, and Production

This review aims to update and elucidate the classification, pharmacology, and production of terpenes and terpenoids, focusing on the bioactivities and biosynthetic mechanisms. Their classification methods, production routes, and potential application ranges are discussed in detail.

Terpenes

They can be classified according to the number of isoprene units, the most common being monoterpenes (C 10), sesquiterpenes (C 15), diterpenes (C 20), and triterpenes (C 30).

Alkaloids and terpenoids: Synthesis, classification, isolation and

There are two types of terpenoids – simple and complex terpenoids.

Terpene Resins: A Comprehensive Overview

Terpene resins, natural macromolecules derived from plants, animals, or microorganisms, have garnered significant attention due to their unique chemical structures and broad application potential. These compounds not only play critical roles in nature but also serve as key materials in modern industry and scientific research. This article explores the classification of terpene resins and analyzes their applications across various fields.

I. Basic Concept of Terpene Resins

Terpene resins are complex compounds primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Their highly branched structures confer distinct physical properties and chemical reactivity. Terpene resins vary widely, including monoterpene, sesquiterpene, and diterpene resins, each with unique molecular structures and performance characteristics.

II. Classification Criteria for Terpene Resins

1. By Molecular Weight: Terpene resins can be categorized based on molecular weight. Higher-molecular-weight resins typically exhibit stronger solubility and viscosity, while lower-molecular-weight variants are softer and easier to process.

2. By Functional Groups: Functional groups within terpene resins significantly influence their properties. Common groups include hydroxyl (-OH), carboxyl (-COOH), and carbonyl (-C=O) groups. These enable chemical reactions with diverse substances, expanding their usability.

3. By Application Domain:

   • General-purpose: Suitable for widespread industrial use due to good solubility and processability.
   • Specialized: Optimized for specific applications such as coatings, adhesives, and sealants.
   • Specialty: Engineered for extreme conditions, e.g., high/low temperature resistance, corrosion protection, or specialized industrial needs.

III. Major Types of Terpene Resins

1. Monoterpene Resins: The simplest terpene resins, characterized by a single cyclic structure, low molecular weight, and excellent solubility. Widely used in coatings and adhesives.

2. Sesquiterpene Resins: Composed of two linked monoterpene rings, these resins have higher molecular weights, greater viscosity, and improved stability and heat resistance. Common in high-performance plastics and rubbers.

3. Diterpene Resins: Formed by three interconnected monoterpene rings, these resins boast larger molecular weights, complex structures, high stability, and low melting points. Ideal for advanced composites and specialty adhesives.

IV. Applications of Terpene Resins

1. Coatings and Adhesives: Terpene resins’ solubility and adhesive properties make them ideal for formulating coatings and glues. Adjusting resin types and ratios tailors products to specific needs.

2. Plastics and Rubbers: Enhance mechanical strength, flexibility, and heat resistance in plastics and rubbers while reducing production costs.

3. Sealing Materials: Resistance to temperature, pressure, and chemicals positions terpene resins as premium sealants for aerospace, automotive, and other industries.

4. Textiles, Leather, and Healthcare: Improve wear resistance, wrinkle resistance, and waterproofing in textiles and leather. Antimicrobial and deodorizing properties also enable medical and hygiene applications.

As a vital chemical raw material, terpene resins hold immense potential in industrial applications. By systematically classifying and studying these resins, their properties and functionalities can be better leveraged to develop innovative materials and products. With advancements in technology and growing market demands, terpene resins are poised to play an increasingly critical role in future developments.